Diagramme Q–Q avec bande de confiance

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import statsmodels.api as sm
from scipy import stats

# Data: household income, raw and log-transformed
income = sm.datasets.engel.load_pandas().data["income"].to_numpy()
samples = {"Raw income": income, "Log income": np.log(income)}
palette = ["#FF9500", "#007AFF"]

fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(10, 5), sharex=True, sharey=True)
for ax, (name, x), c in zip(axes, samples.items(), palette):
    n = len(x)
    z = np.sort((x - x.mean()) / x.std(ddof=1))      # standardised sample quantiles
    pp = (np.arange(1, n + 1) - 0.5) / n              # plotting positions
    theo = stats.norm.ppf(pp)                         # theoretical normal quantiles

    # 95% pointwise envelope: order statistic i of a uniform sample is Beta(i, n-i+1)
    i = np.arange(1, n + 1)
    lo = stats.norm.ppf(stats.beta.ppf(0.025, i, n - i + 1))
    hi = stats.norm.ppf(stats.beta.ppf(0.975, i, n - i + 1))
    outside = (z < lo) | (z > hi)

    ax.fill_between(theo, lo, hi, color="#8E8E93", alpha=0.18, lw=0, label="95% envelope")
    ax.plot([-3.5, 3.5], [-3.5, 3.5], color="#8E8E93", lw=1, ls="--")
    ax.scatter(theo[~outside], z[~outside], s=16, color=c, alpha=0.7, lw=0)
    ax.scatter(theo[outside], z[outside], s=22, color="#FF3B30", lw=0,
               label=f"outside band ({outside.sum()})")

    W, p = stats.shapiro(x)
    ax.set_title(name, pad=20, fontsize=12)
    ax.text(0, 1.02, f"Shapiro–Wilk W = {W:.3f}, p = {p:.1e} · n = {n}",
            transform=ax.transAxes, fontsize=9.5, color="#6E6E73")
    ax.legend(loc="upper left")
    ax.grid(axis="x")
    ax.set_xlabel("Theoretical normal quantiles")

axes[0].set_ylabel("Standardised sample quantiles")
axes[0].set_xlim(-3.2, 3.2)
axes[0].set_ylim(-3.3, 4.6)
fig.suptitle("Taking logs brings household income much closer to normal",
             x=0.01, ha="left", fontsize=14)
plt.show()