Graphique en nuage de pluie

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from lifelines.datasets import load_dd
from scipy import stats

# Data: years in office of leaders whose spell ended, by regime type
df = load_dd().query("observed == 1")
groups = {"Parliamentary Dem": "Parliamentary democracy",
          "Presidential Dem": "Presidential democracy", "Military Dict": "Military dictatorship"}
data = [df.loc[df.regime == g, "duration"].to_numpy() for g in groups]
palette = ["#007AFF", "#FF9500", "#34C759"]

# Kruskal–Wallis test + epsilon squared
H, p = stats.kruskal(*data)
n = sum(len(d) for d in data)
eps2 = H / (n - 1)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 5.2))
rng = np.random.default_rng(7)
for i, (d, c) in enumerate(zip(data, palette)):
    # Cloud: half violin above the baseline, scaled to a fixed height
    grid = np.linspace(d.min() - 0.5, d.max() + 0.5, 300)  # trim the cloud near the data
    dens = stats.gaussian_kde(d)(grid)
    ax.fill_between(grid, i, i + 0.55 * dens / dens.max(), color=c, alpha=0.3, lw=0)
    ax.plot(grid, i + 0.55 * dens / dens.max(), color=c, lw=1.4)
    # Box: median and quartiles just under the cloud
    ax.boxplot(d, positions=[i - 0.1], widths=0.09, vert=False, showfliers=False,
               patch_artist=True, boxprops=dict(facecolor="white", edgecolor="#3A3A3C", lw=1),
               medianprops=dict(color=c, lw=2.2), whiskerprops=dict(color="#3A3A3C"),
               capprops=dict(visible=False))
    # Rain: jittered raw points below the box
    ax.scatter(d, i - 0.3 + rng.uniform(-0.08, 0.08, len(d)),
               s=12, color=c, alpha=0.55, lw=0)

ax.set_yticks(range(len(groups)), [f"{g}\nmedian {np.median(d):.0f} yrs · n = {len(d)}"
                                   for g, d in zip(groups.values(), data)])
ax.set_ylim(-0.5, len(groups) - 0.3)
ax.set_xlim(0, 36)
ax.grid(axis="x"); ax.grid(axis="y", visible=False)
ax.set_xlabel("Years in office")
share = [np.mean(d > 10) for d in data]
ax.set_title(f"{share[2]:.0%} of military rulers stay over 10 years, "
             f"{share[1]:.1%} of presidents", pad=26)
ax.text(0, 1.02, f"Kruskal–Wallis H(2) = {H:.1f}, p = {p:.3f}, ε² = {eps2:.2f} · "
        "cloud = density, box = quartiles, rain = leaders", transform=ax.transAxes,
        fontsize=9.5, color="#6E6E73")
plt.show()