Session 13: Practice

How many distinct dimensions does your angle really have?

Thierry Warin, PhD

HEC Montréal

Outline · The workshop

  1. Ninety minutes
  2. Before you start
  3. Reproduce — 20 min
  4. Apply to your own angle — 35 min
  5. Break one assumption — 15 min
  6. Write it down — 20 min
  7. Submitting
  8. What loses marks
  9. Two-minute report
  10. After class, if you want it

What session 13 is for

The mathematics

  • Explain why PCA requires standardised inputs, and what happens if you forget
  • Read a scree plot and defend the number of components retained
  • Distinguish a loading from a score
  • Say why a factor is identified only up to rotation

The Python

  • Compute components from the correlation matrix, and check against a library
  • Plot the scree and the loadings, and label the axes with variance explained
  • Rotate a factor solution and watch the fit stay identical

The international business

  • Build an index — competitiveness, openness, capability — from correlated indicators
  • Defend the name you gave a component to a sceptical reader
  • Say what a composite indicator hides as well as what it summarises

Your Python so far

Everything you need to type is on one sheet — how to start Python in VS Codium on your platform, how to make a file and run it, the DataFrame basics, and every name from sessions 1 to 13, each with a line showing it in use.

Python Cheatsheet · Session 13 (PDF) · in the repository at 13-…/PYTHON-CHEATSHEET.pdf

One sheet per package, functions explained with pictures: pandas · NumPy · matplotlib · prince · scikit-learn · statsmodels

Print it, or keep it open beside the editor. Nothing on it is examinable; all of it is assumed.

Practice

How many distinct dimensions does your angle really have?

Ninety minutes

00–20 Reproduce one result from the paper you read
20–55 Apply the method, to your own angle
55–70 Break one assumption, deliberately
70–90 Write, and report 250 words, then two minutes to the room

The presenter is drawn at random when your group is called. All three of you prepare.

Before you start

Everyone pushes at least once. Replace XX with your group number — group 07 uses group-07.

git checkout -b group-XX
mkdir -p groups/A2026/group-XX/session-13      # macOS and Linux
git checkout -b group-XX
mkdir groups/A2026/group-XX/session-13         # Windows — no -p

PowerShell’s mkdir creates the intermediate folders already, and rejects -p. The git log is the participation record. It is not a formality.

1 · Reproduce — 20 min

Take the result the paper rests on, and put it to the test on the database the paper itself uses. There is nothing to unzip — the loader has it.

import qmib

data = qmib.load("kof")     # the session's own data

Paper: Gygli, Haelg, Potrafke & Sturm (2019), The KOF Globalisation Index — revisited, Review of International Organizations 14(3) · data: qmib.load("kof")

A failed reproduction that you diagnose earns full marks. One you do not attempt earns none.

“It did not work” is not a diagnosis. Where did it stop, and what did you check?

2 · Apply to your own angle — 35 min

core = qmib.load("core")
mine = qmib.load("angle_c_country")     # your angle — see your dictionary
df   = core.merge(mine, on=["geo", "time"], how="inner")

Fit the session’s method on your data, and report what the lecture said to report — in the units of your own variables.

A coefficient without units is not a finding.

3 · Break one assumption — 15 min

Every method in this course rests on something.

Find the assumption this one leans on hardest. Break it deliberately. Record what happened to your answer.

This is the part that carries the marks. A group that shows how its result falls apart understands it; a group that only shows it holding does not yet know.

4 · Write it down — 20 min

250 words in your submissions folder:

  • What you found, in units
  • Which assumption you broke, and what it did
  • What this result does not license you to claim

And the standing rule: one LLM output you identified as wrong, and how you established that.

Submitting

git add groups/A2026/group-XX/session-13
git commit -m "Session 13 practice — group XX"
git push -u origin group-XX

Deliverable. A dimension-reduction of your project’s indicators: the scree plot, the number retained with its justification, the loadings interpreted, and a note on what you are not entitled to call the components.

What loses marks

  • Running PCA on unstandardised columns
  • Retaining components by a rule you did not state
  • Naming a component (“this is competitiveness”) with no rotation caveat
  • Reporting variance explained as though it measured correctness

And everywhere in this course: an association described in causal language.

Two-minute report

One number with its units and its uncertainty
One assumption the one you broke, and what happened
One limit what you cannot claim from this

Listen for traceable evidence, not confidence of delivery.

After class, if you want it

The QMIB Lab has a knowledge check on what you have just done: warin.ca/qmib-labs

Optional, never a prerequisite for the next lecture, and never marked for correctness. A completed report counts because attempting it is the engagement being measured — it is one of the three routes to the participation mark.

What is required before the next session: the article, its Dataverse package, and the self-check. That is the pre-session deck, not this.